DOI: http://doi.org/10.65281/661206
Dr. BEN HENICHE Khaled
University of Tizi Ouzou khaledahnich1981@gmail.com
Dr. MEHDA Belgacem
Social Development and Community Service Informant
University of El Oued
Email: mehdabel39@gmail.com
Dr. ZEGHDI FAOUZI
University of Adrar
Email: fao.zeghdi@univ-adrar.edu.dz
Submitted :14.03.2025 ,Accepted 12.09.2025 , Published : 12.12.2025
Abstract:
Electronic management is considered a characteristic that marks modern organizations, as the tremendous development of information and communication technology has swept across all sectors, forcing the latter to use this technology in the hope of reaching high levels of accuracy and management. In this research paper, we will attempt to shed light on electronic management in terms of the concept, as well as objectives and requirements, in addition to the various concepts related to it.
Keywords: electronic management, digital technology, work environment, artificial intelligence.
Introduction:
The development occurring in all areas of economic and social life has compelled social institutions, whether educational, administrative, or economic, to join the path of technological development through the digitization of their services and all stages of their performance in order to confront the technical challenges accompanying all aspects of life, especially those related to information and communication technology. Digital technology has become accompanying most administrative operations in modern organizations, as it has become a direct cause of economic and social growth, which has driven many organizations to rely on it entirely through the “zero paper” program, or what is known as electronic management. Other organizations have gone beyond this stage by introducing artificial intelligence programs, which have become among the means sought by all organizations today to improve services and organize work.
Through this research paper, we will attempt to answer the following questions:
What is electronic management? What is artificial intelligence, and what role does each play in developing modern organizations?
First: Electronic Management — A Conceptual Overview
The Concept of Electronic Management
The concept of electronic management is broader and more comprehensive than merely the computerization of management within the organization (computers, internet, etc.); rather, it goes beyond that to include the exchange of information and data between various organizations and different administrations and their use in directing the work of the institution toward achieving its goals and providing the necessary flexibility to respond to subsequent changes, whether internal or external. It includes all components of management—planning, organizing, leadership, and control—yet it is distinguished by its ability to continuously provide knowledge and employ it to achieve its objectives. (Abdouni, 2017, p. 220)
It is an administrative term referring to a set of organizational processes that link the beneficiary with information sources through electronic means to achieve the institution’s objectives of planning, production, operation, follow-up, and development. (Kafi, 2011, p. 19)
We also note that there are many definitions, including:
It is an integrated electronic system that relies on communication and information technologies to transform manual administrative work into tasks carried out using modern digital technologies. (Al-Asadi, 2009, p. 115)
It is a performance tool to raise the efficiency of administrative performance and is not a substitute for it, nor does it aim to eliminate its role. It is paperless management, yet it uses electronic archives, guides, and electronic planners. (Al-Asadi, 2009, p. 115)
Al-Salmi defined it as: “The process of automating all tasks and activities of the administrative institution by relying on all necessary information technologies to achieve the objectives of the new management in reducing paper use, simplifying procedures, eliminating routine, and achieving fast and accurate completion of tasks and transactions, so that each administration is ready to be linked with e-government later.” (Al-Arishi, 2008, p. 33)
It is also defined as the administrative process based on the distinguished capabilities of the internet and business networks in planning, directing, and controlling the company’s resources and core capabilities without limits in order to achieve its objectives. (Al-Ayashi, 2013)
2. Concepts Related to Electronic Management
2.1. Digital Technology:
Digital technology is defined as all electronic devices, hardware and software, that process data after encoding or encrypting it into binary signals (0,1), and these devices are often computers. (Waman, 2016, p. 90)
It is also defined as “all technologies used in operating, transmitting, and storing information in electronic form, including computer technologies, communication means, networking systems, fax machines, and other equipment used in communication.” (Waman, 2016, p. 90)
2.2. Digital Management:
It is defined as “the administrative process based on the distinguished capabilities of the internet and business networks in planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the organization’s and others’ resources and core capabilities without limits in order to achieve the organization’s objectives.” (Haddoush, 2021)
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) defined it as “the use of information and communication technology, especially the internet, as a tool that allows access to better management.” According to this definition, the foundation of digital management is the use of information and communication technologies, especially the internet. (OECD, 2011, p. 04)
2.3. Artificial Intelligence:
It is one of the most prominent features of the modern technological revolution and is defined as “a name given to a set of new methods and approaches in programming systems that simulate human intelligence and allow them to infer facts and rules represented in computer memory.” (Shaqfa, 2021, p. 19) Artificial intelligence has been widely used in various fields and is currently considered an important gain for companies of all kinds, especially commercial and industrial ones, which has driven many institutions and countries to compete in acquiring this technology.
Artificial intelligence is also defined as “the science that aims to understand the nature of human intelligence by creating a computer program capable of simulating intelligent human behavior.” This refers to the ability of a computer program to solve a problem or make a decision in a given situation, meaning that the program itself finds a solution to a problem or makes a decision, recognizes similarities between different situations, and adapts to new situations. (Al-Sharari, 2021)
2.4. Work Environment:
It is a set of variables and events that may be formed within a specific context, namely the institution or the job, which the responsible management can control directly and certainly. Each work environment differs from another. It is any place where people are present to work in exchange for earning money and livelihood, and the general manager can control employees’ performance and create a different environment through his style with employees and the instructions he issues.
Second: Objectives of Electronic Management
The objectives of electronic management are divided into several categories as mentioned by researchers: (Shibli, 2011, pp. 11–12)
1. Objectives related to benefiting beneficiaries and internal and external clients of the organization:
Reducing administrative complexities.
Employing information technology to support and build a positive institutional culture among all employees.
Increasing linkage between employees, top management, and the management of all resources.
Achieving maximum benefit for the organization’s clients.
Achieving efficiency and effectiveness in providing services to beneficiaries and optimal utilization of resources.
Continuous education and knowledge building.
Objectives related to the efficiency of administrative work:
Improving the level of services.
Rapid completion of work and shortening execution time across various procedures.
Continuity of organizational work around the clock and employees’ performance remotely.
Reducing costs.
Reducing the use of paper and administrative work.
Reducing surplus human resources beyond administrative needs and redirecting them to perform the organization’s core tasks.
2. Objectives related to increasing the efficiency, effectiveness, and rationalization of administrative decision-making:
Helping to reduce errors associated with human work.
Providing information and data instantly to beneficiaries and decision-makers and facilitating access to services anytime and anywhere automatically.
Increasing linkage between employees and top management and monitoring the management of all resources.
Reducing obstacles to decision-making.
3. Objectives related to increasing the organization’s competitive capacity locally and globally:
Compatibility with other countries moving strongly toward electronic work.
Reducing administrative corruption.
Enhancing the competitiveness of organizations of all types.
Achieving the principle of equality between organizational efforts by adopting a unified method in service delivery, which leads to reducing mediation and favoritism.
Reducing the impact of personal relationships on work completion.
Third: Benefits of Electronic Management (Shibli, 2011, p. 15)
Speed in completing tasks using information and communication technologies.
Assisting decision-making through the constant availability of information to decision-makers.
Reducing administrative work costs while raising the level of confidentiality of performance.
Overcoming temporal and geographical distance problems.
Addressing bureaucracy and bribery.
Developing work mechanisms and keeping pace with developments.
Planning for future projects.
Rapidly overcoming daily work problems.
Raising the efficiency of administrative staff.
Fourth: Requirements of Electronic Management
To apply electronic management, organizations must provide many requirements and introduce numerous material and human changes to smoothly transition from the traditional work system to electronic management. Specialists have identified several requirements that institutions must adopt to implement electronic management:
Administrative Requirements:
Administrative requirements to be considered when applying electronic management are limited to the following elements:
Developing establishment strategies and plans, which may include a management or authority at the national level with planning, follow-up, and implementation functions for e-government projects. At this stage, support and endorsement from top management in the administrative hierarchy must be provided, along with sufficient financial allocations to carry out the required transformation. (Abban, 2016, p. 73)
Establishing and updating legislative frameworks in line with developments: issuing laws, regulations, and procedures that facilitate the transition to electronic management and meet adaptation requirements, as most legislation and laws originated in a traditional environment and were designed for work based on direct interaction between employee and service requester and reliance on certified proof documents. Transitioning to electronic management requires a different legal and legislative environment, and the presence of legislation and legal texts facilitates electronic management and grants it legitimacy and credibility, especially regarding the legal outcomes resulting from it. (Abdouni, 2017, p. 229)
Providing the required human resources. (Khalouf, 2010, p. 28)
Providing human resources with expertise and skills in knowledge and information and capable of dealing with this strategy.
Upgrading and retraining human cadres to maintain high levels of skills and capabilities in electronic leadership through courses and various training programs in new electronic developments.
This includes training all employees on computer usage methods, network management, and all necessary information and data databases to properly operate and direct electronic management. It is preferable that this be carried out by specialized institutes or training centers affiliated with e-government. Social awareness of electronic management contributes to clarifying the benefits of transitioning toward a digital society, and organizational culture in electronic management plays a prominent role in ensuring project success. (Al-Harbi, 2015, p. 33)
Leadership and administrative support: the need to form administrative leaderships capable of change and creating teamwork patterns as an organizational basis for electronic communications. (Khalouf, 2010, p. 28) This is among the most influential factors and the key to success or failure of electronic management, as management support and its ability to create an appropriate work environment play a major role in success or failure. Leadership commitment is necessary to support all points of institutional strategies, and leadership follow-up and feedback ensure project success and development. The conviction, interest, and support of top management in applying information technology across institutions is a critical factor in achieving successful electronic management implementation. (Abdel Nasser, 2011)
Organizational structure: the traditional hierarchical model prevalent in the industrial era is no longer suitable for business models in the information technology and e-business era. Appropriate organizational structures for electronic business are networks and modern information systems interconnected by advanced communication means. Applying electronic management requires changes in structural, organizational, procedural, and methodological aspects to align with electronic management principles through creating new departments, abolishing or merging others, and reengineering internal procedures and processes to provide suitable conditions for faster and more efficient implementation, within a gradual transitional timeframe. (Abdel Nasser, 2011)
Administrative reform: achieving successful transition to electronic management requires applying administrative reform, including functional specialization in operating electronic programs, information security experts, and protection of programs, transactions, and documents; introducing radical changes in administrative and technical concepts; and the need for aware, enthusiastic leadership capable of administrative leadership and rationalization, developing relationships between different administrative organizations, and finding solutions to improve service delivery. This also includes expanding rules of evidence related to electronic transactions and the need for new legislation concerning electronic signatures and their protection, such as the Electronic Signature Act of 1998 in the United States. (Abban, 2016, p. 74)
Technical Requirements:
These include providing the infrastructure for electronic management, encompassing the development and improvement of communication networks to be integrated and ready for use and capable of accommodating massive simultaneous communications, achieving the goal of internet use, as well as providing suitable digital technology—equipment, computers, devices, systems, databases, programs—and digital mail services, whether for individual or institutional use on the widest possible scale. (Abdel Nasser, 2011) Technical requirements can be summarized as follows:
Hard infrastructure for electronic business:
All ground and cellular installations and connections, computers, networks, and tangible information technology necessary for conducting electronic business and exchanging data electronically. (Abban, 2016, p. 75) The foundation is a centralized and secure technical infrastructure that is easily accessible by relevant entities and enables communication between institutions, facilitating automated communication among all administrations, reducing costs, improving performance, speeding completion, and enhancing execution effectiveness. (Al-Harbi, 2015, p. 32)
Concept 01 Requirements of the Hard Technical Infrastructure for Applying Electronic Management
Computer Hardware:
Availability of computers meeting organizational needs.
Availability of input devices meeting organizational needs.
Availability of output devices meeting organizational needs.
Availability of storage media meeting organizational needs.
Communication Networks:
Availability of an integrated internal network meeting organizational needs.
Availability of a sufficient external network connecting the organization to its external audience.
Availability of an internet subscription meeting organizational needs.
Availability of sufficient voice communication networks facilitating service delivery.
Soft infrastructure for electronic business:
Represents intangible components such as operating systems (e.g., Windows) and application programs (archiving, examinations, personnel affairs, etc.). (Al-Suhaybani, 2009, p. 29) Programs have become the means of communication and interaction with computers; they are detailed instructions enabling the computer to perform specific tasks reflecting user needs. Without software, hardware cannot perform required tasks. Due to this importance, there has been wide interest in software development through programming languages, keeping pace with hardware capabilities, resulting in significant differences in software shape, function, and device compatibility. Software preparation faces difficulties, including failure to produce required outputs or obsolescence upon deployment. Overcoming these difficulties requires proper management of programming processes in electronic management implementation. (Shahda, 2011, p. 57)
Concept(02): Requirements of the Soft Technical Infrastructure for Applying Electronic Management
Soft Technical Infrastructure (software, databases, website):
Availability of suitable software for organizational work requirements.
Software licensing.
Availability of a suitable database for organizational operations.
Support and compatibility of soft infrastructure components with electronic environments.
Marketing of the organization’s website.
Security Requirements:
Providing high-level electronic security and confidentiality to protect national and personal information and preserve electronic archives from tampering, given their importance and sensitivity to national and personal security, through network protocol security software, electronic signatures, or passwords. (Abdouni, 2017, p. 2031)
To achieve information security and reduce negative impacts of internet use, electronic management requires measures such as: (Abdel Nasser, 2011)
Establishing information technology security policies, including internet services.
Adopting a national information security strategy ensuring cooperation between public and private sectors.
Establishing laws and regulations limiting cyber theft and violations of information privacy in electronic management.
Additional requirements for protecting information system security include: (Abdel Nasser, 2011)
Top management support for information system security and assigning responsibility to specific individuals.
Determining necessary protection for operating systems and applications.
Determining monitoring and inspection mechanisms for information systems and computer networks.
Maintaining secure backup copies of information systems.
Encrypting information stored, saved, and transmitted across various media.
Economic Requirements:
For any state or government, the economy is the lifeblood, as financial revenues fund income distribution and government projects. There is no alternative but to change economic operation methods, especially as traditional jobs will change, new e-commerce markets will emerge, new relationships between production institutions and consumers will appear, work systems will change, and new scientific competencies and qualifications will be required. (Mukhtar, 2011, p. 23) Transitioning to electronic management requires allocating sufficient funds to finance change, qualification, and training processes to enable governments to: (Mukhtar, 2011, p. 24)
Enable organizations to obtain information quickly.
Facilitate communication among stakeholders and improve public service.
Encourage the creation of new income sources and job opportunities.
Reduce exchange costs and shrink economic distances among stakeholders.
Social Requirements:
These include creating social mobilization supportive and aware of the necessity of transitioning to electronic management, sufficiently informed of the advantages of applying technical means in administrative bodies, with assistance from media and civil society organizations to support awareness meetings, seminars, and gatherings for disseminating the benefits of electronic management application, and scheduling training sessions on using technical tools at various educational levels, i.e., technological literacy. (Ashour, 2010, p. 25)
Fifth: The Role of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Managing Organizations
1. Artificial intelligence applications in public administrations
Digitalization is considered an emerging phenomenon that represents the actual form of interactions in daily life and transactions within this context. Artificial intelligence has taken the initiative in recent years after being addressed in the field of academic research and often overlaps with digital innovation. Artificial intelligence brings about a type of innovation based on information and communication technology and has its own characteristics. For each configuration, there is a suitable type of innovation within the public service, including incremental technological change, continuous organizational change, transformative and storage change, and radical transformative change. The use of artificial intelligence, starting from low-risk applications in service delivery, enhances a pathway to improving citizens’ interaction with technology in their daily lives. The use of emerging digital tools and increased interaction with artificial intelligence through modernization efforts represents the provision of public services. The application of artificial intelligence in public services is an indicator of the efficiency with which public administration benefits from emerging digital tools. However, artificial intelligence raises questions about privacy, acceleration, reliance on digital tools, and whether humans can keep pace with the rate of development over time. (Khabal, 2022, p. 34)
2- Artificial intelligence applications in industrial organizations:
Artificial intelligence is used in the field of manufacturing across several lines and applications, from workforce planning to product design, thereby improving efficiency, product quality, and employee safety in factories. Machine learning and artificial neural networks are used to support predictive maintenance of vital industrial equipment, which can accurately predict faults and their locations. This helps management take timely measures to restore equipment and prevent unplanned downtime. Robots are an integral part of the production process, as most industrial robots are fixed. Artificial intelligence has also reached collaborative robots, which can take instructions from humans and work alongside humans or workers in quality monitoring. Artificial intelligence algorithms are used to inform manufacturing units of potential production errors that may lead to product quality problems. Errors and deviations from processes may include machine performance issues, changes in raw materials, etc. (Shriru, 2022)
3- Artificial intelligence applications in healthcare organizations (Takyar, www.leewayhertz.com):
3.1. Medical imaging: Artificial intelligence analyzes X-rays and CT scans with high accuracy, improving the speed and accuracy of diagnosing diseases such as pneumonia and tuberculosis. It helps detect lung nodules, reduces the risk of missing cancer growth, and identifies osteoporosis through X-rays.
3.2. Personalized treatment: Artificial intelligence leverages patient data, genetic information, and lifestyle factors to predict disease risks and design treatment plans. It helps select optimal chemotherapy drugs based on genetic traits, monitors patients remotely, and detects early signs of conditions such as heart disease or diabetes.
3.3. Electronic health records (EHRs): Artificial intelligence analyzes EHR data to identify patterns and trends, predict disease risks, and enable personalized prevention strategies. It examines medical history, lifestyle, and genetic information to predict risks such as diabetes or heart disease and identifies patterns in medication data to prevent adverse drug interactions.
3.4. Fraud detection: Artificial intelligence examines vast healthcare data to detect irregular patterns and prevent fraud by identifying activities such as overbilling or unnecessary procedures. It analyzes billing data to identify potential fraudulent claims, ensuring resources are allocated to genuine patient care.
3.5. Virtual assistants and chatbots: AI-powered virtual assistants provide remote guidance to patients and deliver personalized health advice quickly. They manage administrative tasks, handle appointment scheduling, and provide medication information, enhancing patient satisfaction and reducing administrative burdens on healthcare professionals.
3.6. Remote patient care: AI-supported remote patient care provides healthcare services regardless of location. Patients receive real-time attention and share health data remotely, while healthcare providers use artificial intelligence to analyze trends and enhance proactive care. For example, diabetic patients can continuously monitor glucose levels through wearable devices, enabling rapid remote adjustments to treatment plans.
4- Artificial intelligence applications in supply chains and logistics:
Artificial intelligence is used to improve warehouse planning and space utilization. AI-based optimization in logistics enhances warehouse operational efficiency by analyzing data related to product demand and inventory levels. Artificial intelligence maximizes space utilization by strategically reorganizing storage areas, including shelves, and accommodating items of varying sizes or storage needs. This precise optimization reduces order fulfillment times, enhances storage capacity, and improves warehouse efficiency.
4.1. Automated inventory management: AI-powered inventory management improves warehouse efficiency by accurately monitoring levels and completing replenishment protocols. The use of artificial intelligence algorithms for order picking streamlines operations and examines data related to inventory, demand patterns, and other factors. This reduces errors, increases speed, and improves workforce utilization, leading to more efficient warehouse management operations.
Sixth: Cultural challenges of artificial intelligence applications in organizations
When organizations seek to introduce internal changes in physical or human structures, or both together, they must take into account the external challenges surrounding the organization. This naturally applies to the changes brought about by the use of artificial intelligence technology in organizations. Among these challenges are the following:
External challenges:
The components of the external environment compel institutions to change, and organizations do not have the ability to influence them; rather, they must adapt to these changes. The most important of these include: (Bouhadidi, 2017, pp. 108–109)
New governmental laws and legislation.
Labor unions and syndicates.
Successive changes in material prices.
Economic globalization and intensified competition among companies.
Financial crises and external natural disasters.
2- Contemporary challenges:
E-government: It is the electronic public administration of governmental work and functions directed to citizens or the business sector, or between state institutions, agencies, and bodies through intensive use of information and communication technology to implement operations over internet networks. To date, government administrations have not achieved sufficient efficiency in generalizing work through information and communication technologies for many reasons, including the inability of employees in public administrations to master information and communication technologies, in addition to their resistance to changing their organizational culture in order to preserve performance of their tasks in the traditional manner.
E-business: This represents the transformation of business operations through the use of information technology and the internet, particularly organizational operations that include research and development, marketing, and manufacturing at both internal and external levels of the organization.
Globalization of business: With the development of information and communication technologies, particularly the widespread use of the internet, the world has become a single village. Business is now conducted among organizations regardless of their regional location, and competition has shifted from the local or regional level to global competition, with a borderless concept in business management.
Virtual organizations: Virtual organizations are considered decentralized groupings in which employees do not work in the same place but share the processes necessary for the product or service from different locations. Interaction among them takes place through computer and communication systems, and customer service is provided around the clock as if the organization were a single entity.
Conclusion:
This paper has addressed several aspects related to the concept of electronic management as well as the associated concepts, in addition to its uses and methods of development. Electronic management and the digitalization of organizations have become a real alternative to traditional management, along with a forward-looking perspective toward post-digital management represented in the use of artificial intelligence technology. All organizations are striving to adopt it and make it the backbone of management upon which they rely in managing their material, human, and service resources, despite the challenges it entails, whether cultural, social, or economic, etc.
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